Parstatin, a Novel Protease-Activated Receptor 1–Derived Inhibitor of Angiogenesis

Abstract

Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels, is a well established and clinically relevant feature of a variety of disease states. Whether blood vessels sprout in a given tissue environment depends on the balance between factors that stimulate angiogenesis and those that impede it. Potent pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been identified, validated, and successfully used in the clinic. Likewise, anti-angiogenic factors are also emerging as biologically relevant and therapeutically useful entities. PAR1 is a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) that participates in hemostasis and vascular development and that mediates the angiogenic activity of thrombin. PAR1 is activated through proteolytic cleavage of its first forty-one extracellular residues by a variety of proteases, most notably thrombin. However, little effort has focused on the forty-one–residue peptide fragment liberated during PAR1 activation. Tsopanoglou and colleagues have now demonstrated that this peptide, parstatin, has intriguing antiangiogenic activity, and, in a follow-up study, they demonstrate its potential pharmacological utility using a rat model of ischemic heart disease.