Non-nuclear Actions of Estrogen: New Targets for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Selected nuclear and non-nuclear activities of ERα. Details are described in the text. Abbreviations: endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nitric oxide (NO), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase (PI3K), son of sevenless (Sos), growth factor receptor binding protein 2 (Grb2), G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), 38-kDa isoform of MAPK (p38), estrogen response element (ERE).