Galanin in Alzheimer Disease

GAL innervation ameliorates down-regulation of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) subtypes in AD nucleus basalis. Representative gene array (A) and histogram (B) shows a significant down-regulation of protein phosphatases PP1_α (∼10% of control) and PP1_γ (∼12% of control) mRNA in p75^NTR(GAL^–)-ir CBF neurons in AD nucleus basalis, whereas GAL-hyperinnervated p75^NTR(GAL⁺)-ir CBF neurons do not have decreased expression of PP1_α or PP1_γ mRNA in AD. A total of twenty neurons were analyzed from normal control brains (n = 4 brains; 4–6 cells per brain); twenty-six neurons were analyzed from AD brains (n = 6 brains; 4–5 cells per brain) including 17 p75^NTR(GAL^–)-ir CBF neurons and 9 p75^NTR(GAL⁺)-ir CBF neurons; *, p < 0.01 via ANOVA with Neuman–Keuls post hoc test for multiple comparisons.