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A G Protein–Coupled Receptor For Estrogen: The End Of The Search?
Table 1.
Putative Membrane Estrogen Receptors (mER), Their Distribution, and Their Defining Characteristics
| Name | Distribution (Tissues/Cell Lines) | Characteristics | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| *GABA, γ-amino butyric acid; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular-regulated kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; E2, estradiol. | |||
| pER | Mouse liver, skeleton, neurons, vasculature, retina, Carcinoma of breast, endometrium, prostate | Serine phosphatase activity Located on cell surface and/or nuclear membrane | (20) |
| ER-X | Mouse brain neocortex, uterus | Developmentally-regulated MAPK/ERK activation | [(3) review], (19) |
| GPR30 | Heart, breast, lung, CNS, vascular endothelium, leukocytes, Tumor cell lines: MCF-7 and SKBR3 | MAPK/ERK activation Adenylyl cyclase activation PKA activation PKC activation Activation of Src’s tyrosine kinase Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization c-fos activation EGF receptor transactivation | [(2, 3) reviews], (7, 13, 14, 24–26) |
| Unidentified | CHO-K1, COS7 cells Rat2-fibroblasts | MAPK activation | (12) |
| Unidentified | Isolated endometrial cells | Binds E2 | (12) |
| Unidentified | Mouse cerebral cortical explants | MAPK/ERK and B-Raf activation | (8) |
| Unidentified | Guinea pig hypothalamic GABA*, POMC, and dopamine neurons | Modulation of μ-opioid and GABAB neurotransmission PKC activation Located on cell surface Gq activation Located on cell surface | (15), [(17) review] |
| Unidentified | Guinea pig hypothalamic (β-endorphin) neurons | Attenuation of μ-opioid agonist activation of inwardly rectifying K+ conductance Involvement of PKA | (16) |
| Unidentified | GT1-7 neuronal cell line | Modulation of acetylcholine-induced calcium mobilization | (18) |
