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S-Glutathionylation: Indicator of Cell Stress and Regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response
Table 1.
Cluster analysis of proteins susceptible to S-glutathionylation.
| Proteina | Cluster | Function | Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a The proteins listed here were identified as targets in vitro or in cell culture. | ||||
| Actin | 1 | Cytoskeleton | Effects are multiple: see text | (56) |
| Spectrin | 1 | Cytoskeleton | Cell morphology, molecular traffic | (57) |
| Tubulin | 1 | Cytoskeleton | Mitosis, cell movement, intracellular movement | (58) |
| Vimentin | 1 | Cytoskeleton | Intermediate cytoskeletal filament | (59) |
| Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Inactivated at Cys149 | (60) |
| Phosphoglycerate kinase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis. | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (59) |
| Triose phosphate isomerase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis. | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (59) |
| Pyruvate kinase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis. | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (59) |
| aldolase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis. | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (59) |
| α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis. | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (61) |
| Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase | 2 | Energy metabolism, mitochondrial redox balance | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (61) |
| Complex 1 | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Mitochondrial redox balance | (62) |
| NADPH | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (63) |
| GAPDH | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Carbohydrate metabolism | (64) |
| ATPase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Mitochondrial redox balance | (37) |
| NADH ubiquinone reductase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Mitochondrial redox balance | (65) |
| Carbonic anhydrase III | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Enzyme | (66) |
| Catechol-O-methyltransferase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Enzyme | (67) |
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase | 2 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis | Inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (68) |
| MEKK1 (JNK) | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | (8) |
| Protein tyrosine phosphatase1B | 3 | Signaling | Phosphatase | (37) |
| PTEN | 3 | Signaling | Phosphatase | (69) |
| Pyrophosphatase 2A | 3 | Signaling | Phosphatase | (59) |
| NFκB, subunits 65 and 50 | 3 | Signaling | Transcription factor | (70, 71) |
| PKC | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | (72) |
| PKG | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | (73) |
| cAMP dependent PKA | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | (74) |
| Creatinine kinase | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | |
| c-able | 3 | Signaling | Kinase | (75) |
| p53 | 3 | Signaling | Transcription factor | (76) |
| Caspase 3 | 3 | Signaling | Apoptosis | (66) |
| GTPase p21 ras | 3 | Signaling | Activated by S-glutathionylation with impact on downstream kinases | (77) |
| S100A1 and S100B | 4 | Calcium homeostasis | Ca2+ affinity enhanced by S-glutathionylation | (78) |
| SERCA | 4 | Calcium homeostasis | Inhibition of Ca2+ uptake linked to S-glutathionylation | (79) |
| Ryanodine receptor I and II | 4 | Calcium homeostasis | Activates receptor and stimulates Ca2+ release | (80) |
| CTFR | 4 | Calcium homeostasis | Ion channel | (81) |
| PDI | 5 | Protein folding | Activity inhibited by S-glutathionylation | (37) |
| HSP 65, 70 | 5 | Protein folding | Protein chaperone | (37) |
| 20S Proteosome | 5 | Protein folding | Protein stability | (82) |
| Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme | 5 | Protein folding | Protein stability | (59) |
| Thioredoxin 1 | 6 | Redox | (83) | |
| Glutathione S-transferase | 6 | Redox | Phase II detoxification, JNK inhibitor | (16) |
| Peroxiredoxin | 6 | Redox | (84) | |
