| Study |
Major Findings |
|
| Swanson et al. (1990) |
Major mental disorders creates 5x risk of violence |
| Link et al. (1992) |
Patient groups 2–3x more violent than nonpatient groups (when symptomatic); psychotic symptoms predict violence, even in nonpatient groups |
| Hodgins (1992) |
Sweden birth cohort study: odds ratio (OR) = 4 for major mental disorder and violence |
| Link and Stueve (1994) |
Violence predicted by three specific psychotic symptoms: threat, control, and override |
| Swanson et al. (1996) |
Replicates Link and Stueve (1994) using Epidemiological Catchment Area study data |
| Link et al. (1998) |
Threat and control/override symptoms independently predict violence |
| Tiihonen, Isohanni, Rasanen, Kioranen, and Moring (1997) |
Finland birth cohort: OR = 7 for male schizophrenia and violence |
| Hoptman et al. (1999) |
Dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and SA and thought disorder correlated with violence |
| Swanson et al. (2000) |
Paranoid and threat/control-override (TCO) symptoms significantly associated with risk of violence |
| McNeil et al. (2000) |
Among civil inpatients, command hallucinations created 2.5x increase in violence |
| Brennan, Mednick, and Hodgins (2000) |
Denmark birth cohort: OR = 4.6 for male schizophrenia and violence, 23 for female schizophrenia and violence |
| Arsenault, Moffitt, Caspi, Taylor, and Silva (2000) |
New Zealand birth cohort: alcohol dependence (OR = 1.9), marijuana dependence (OR = 3.8), and schizophrenia -spectrum disorders (OR = 2.5) each strongly related to violence |
| Gray et al. (2003) |
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score significantly correlated with inpatient violence |
| Wallace, Mullen, and Burgess (2004) |
Australia birth cohort: Schizophrenia OR = 3.6–6.6 for various cohorts over 25-year period |
| Beck (2004) |
Delusions present in half of cases of serious violence, most of TCO type; but delusional violence uncommon in absence of SA history |
| Swanson et al. (2006) |
Serious violence risk associated with higher positive symptom score and lower negative symptom score (on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) |
| Teasdale et al. (2006) |
For males, threat delusions increase risk of violence |