Cell Communication Insights

Cortisol production is normally under the regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Hypercortisolism or Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by excessive cortisol levels, may be caused by ACTH-independent mechanisms. The present work aims to review the current knowledge on ACTH-independent mechanisms through aberrant expression of hormone receptors in adrenal tumors and adrenocortical hyperplasia. In particular, the effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, arginine vasopressin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide are discussed.