The Immunomodulatory Roles of Vitamin D: New Tricks for an Old Dog

Table 1

Immunomodulatory Targets of Vitamin D3

T cells^*	Decreased IFN-g, IL-12 (↓Th1 response) Increased in vitro IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 (↑Th2) Decreased IL-17, IL-23 (↓Th17) Induction of Treg and induction of IL-10 Suppression of proliferation
B cells (36)	Decreased IL-12 production Decreased IgG and IgE production Increased IL-10 production Inhibition of proliferation
Dendritic Cells^*	Downregulation of MHC Inhibition of TLR-dependent maturation Downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86) Increased IL-10 production
Macrophages (36)	Induced antimicrobial agent production Increased phagocytosis Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production
Neutrophils (3)	Reduction of antimicrobial agent production