Different Mechanisms by which Microparticles and Exosomes Interact with Target Cells
Microparticles | Interaction | Molecular Pathway | Cellular Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ligand-Receptor | Sonic hedgehog pathway | Megakaryocytic differentiation, improve endothelial function, promote angiogenesis, reparative neovascularization | (14–17) | |
Fas/Fas Ligand | Hyporeactivity | (18) | ||
Transfer | CXCR4 Receptor | Spreading HIV infection | (20) | |
lipoxygenase 12 | Production of lipoxin A4 by mast cells | (22) | ||
Fusion | Tissue factor-rich MPs with activated platelets exposing P-selectin | Tissue factor-mediated procoagulant activity | (23) | |
Internalization | Interaction with α4 and β1 integrins | Activate angiogenesis | (24) | |
Interaction with LDL Receptor | Decrease tumor development | (25) | ||
Exosomes | Interaction | Molecular Pathway | Cellular Effects | References |
Ligand-Receptor | MFG-E8/integrins | Target dendritic cells and macrophages | (26) | |
Transfer | Delta-like 4 protein | Pro-angiogenic effects in endothelial cells | (27) | |
Fusion | Mechanisms involving PSGL-1 | Initiate coagulation | (28) | |
Internalization | Actin and PI3K mechanisms | Phagocytosis | (29) | |
Endocytosis by dendritic cells | (30) | |||
Interaction with α4 and β1 integrins | Activate angiogenesis | (24) |