The neurovascular and gliovascular interface in nervous system physiology. A. Arteries are specifically aligned with peripheral nerves in forelimb skin. B. End feet of astrocytes surrounding blood vessels. Reprinted from (2); Cell, 109, Mukouyama et al. “Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the ski,” 693–705, (2002), with permission from Elsevier; and from (8); J. Neurosci., 23, Simard et al. “Signaling at the gliovascular interface,” 9254–9262, (2003) by the Society for Neuroscience.