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The Pharmacology of Mithridatum: A 2000-Year-Old Remedy
Table 1.
Plants Used in Mithradatum
| Scientific Name | Plant Family | Common Name | Part Useda | Bioactive Ingredient | Chemical Category | Mechanismb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a The reference identifies the bioactive ingredient in the plant. b The reference gives the bioactivity of the ingredient. c Fisetin is also found in parsley. dImperatorin is also found in parsley, anise and opopanax. e Coniferyl aldehyde is also found in assafoetida. f Gallic acid is also found in the Gallic rose. g Ferulic acid is also found in lesser centaury. | ||||||
| Acacia arabica Willd. | Fabaceae | Acacia | Gum from branches (18) | Fisetinc | flavonoid | inhibits cytokine expression (19) |
| Acorus calamus L. | Acoraceae | Sweet flag | Root (20) | Asarone | phenylpropanoid | antioxidant in vivo (21) |
| Athamanta cretensis L. | Apiaceae | Cretan carrot | Seed (18) | Imperatorind | furanocoumarin | inhibits NFAT binding to DNA (22) |
| Boswellia carterii Birdw. | Burseraceae | Frankin cense | Gum resin (23) | Acetyl 11-keto-beta- boswellic acid | triterpene | inhibits leukotriene synthesis (24) |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik | Brassicaceae | Shepherd’s purse | Herb (25) | Fumaric acid | dicarboxylic acid | protects against toxic chemicals in vitro (25) |
| Centaurium erythraea Raf. | Gentianaceae | Lesser centaury | Herb (26) | Swertiamarin | monoterpene | antioxidant (26) |
| Cinnamomum cassia Bl. | Lauraceae | Cassia | Bark, leaf (27) | 2-Hydroxy cinnamaldehyde | phenolic | inhibits NF-κB activation (27) |
| Cinnamomum zelanicum Bl. | Lauraceae | Cinnamon | Bark (28) | Coniferyl aldehydee, eugenol | phenylpropanoids | antioxidants (28, 29) |
| Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. | Burseraceae | Myrrh | Gum resin (20) | Furanodiene | sesquiterpene | inhibits lipopolysaccharide–induced NO production (30) |
| Commiphora opobalsmum (L.) Engl. | Burseraceae | Balm of Gilead | Gum resin (31) | Extract | – | protects against gastric ulcers (31) |
| Crocus sativus L. | Iridaceae | Saffron | Herb and flower (32) | Crocin | crocetin digentobiose ester | ester and plant extract are antioxidants (33) |
| Cyperus rotundus L. | Cyperaceae | Sweet rush | Rhizome (34) | Isocurcumenol | sesquiterpene | inhibits NO production (30) |
| Cytinus hypocistis L. | Rafflesiaceae | Hypocistis | Juice of herb (35) | Gallic acidf | phenolic acid | antioxidant (36) |
| Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | Zingiberaceae | Cardamom | Seed capsule (36) | Extract | – | Extract inhibits platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation (37) |
| Ferula assafoetida L. | Apiaceae | Assafoetida | Gum (38) | Ferulic acidg | phenolic acid | antioxidant (39) |
| Ferula gummosa Boiss. | Apiaceae | Galbanum | Gum (40) | Alpha and beta-pinene | monoterpenes | may act in dyspepsia (40) |
| Ferula persica Willd. | Apiaceae | Sagapenum | Gum (41) | Extract | – | – |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | Hyperiaceae | St John’s wort | Herb (42) | Hyperforin | phloroglucinol | multiple effects on gene expression (42) |
| Liquidambar orientalis Mill. | Hamamelidaceae | Storax | Bark resin (18) | Casuarinin | ellagitannin | antioxidant (43) |
| Nardostachys jatamansi (G.Don) DC. | Valerianaceae | Indian nard | Herb (44) | Extract | – | Extract protects against lipid peroxidation (44) |
| Opopanax chironium Koch. | Apiaceae | Opopanax | Gum resin (45) | Imperatorin | furanocoumarin | antiplatelet aggregation activity (46) |
| Papaver rhoeas L. | Papaveraceae | Wild poppy | Juice from herb (47) | Extract | – | Antioxidant properties (48) |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. | Apiaceae | Parsley | Leaf, seed (11) | Apigenin and fisetin | flavonoids | inhibit production of IL-4 and IL-13 (49) |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | Apiaceae | Anise | Seed (11) | Anethole | furanocoumarin | anti-inflammatory activity (50) |
| Piper longum L. | Piperaceae | Long pepper | Fruit, seed (51) | Extract | – | Fruit extract reduces lipid peroxidation (51) |
| Pistachia terebinthus L. | Anacardiaceae | Terebinith | Resin (52) | Masticadi– enonic acid | triterpene | inhibits leukotriene B4 production (53) |
| Rosa gallica L. | Rosaceae | Gallic rose | Leaves, flowers (13) | Gallic acid | phenolic acid | antioxidant (54) |
| Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch | Asteraceae | Costus | Root (55) | Costunolide | sesquiterpene lactone | blocks NO and NF-κB activation (56) |
| Seseli libanotis | Apiaceae | Hartwort | Root (57) | Pteryxin | coumarin | shows strong antiplatelet aggregation activity (46) |
| Valeriana celtica L. | Valerianaceae | Celtic nard | Root (58) | Valerenic acid | sesquiterpene | soporific activity (59) |
| Zingiber officinale Rosc. | Zingiberaceae | Ginger | Rhizome (60) | 6-Gingerol | phenyl propane ketone | suppresses NF–κB binding (16) |
