Oncogenic Ras–Induced Expression of Cytokines: A New Target of Anti-Cancer Therapeutics

Oncogenic Ras–stimulated paracrine signaling promotes tumor growth. Oncogenic Ras (Ras-GTP) promotes the transcription of cytokine genes (double helix), leading to elevated levels of secreted cytokines (blue spheres) that act to modulate the immune system (yellow cells), promote angiogenesis (purple capillaries) and activate tumor stroma (brown cells).