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Cardiac Glycosides as Novel Cancer Therapeutic Agents
Table 1.
List of Plants and Animals with Cardiac Glycosides Having Antiproliferative Activities
| Plant/Animal Species | Cardiac Glycoside(s) | In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apocynum cannabinum L. (Apocynaceae) | Apocannoside, cymarin | Human nasopharynx carcinoma (KB) | (66) |
| Asclepias curassavica L. (Asclepiadaceae) | Calotropin, 16α-acetoxycalotropin, 15β-hydroxycalotropin, calactin, 15β-hydroxycalactin, asclepin, 16α-hydroxyasclepin, uscharidin, uscharin, uzarigenin | Human lung carcinoma (A549), breast carcinomas (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), and hepatoma (HepG2) | (67) |
| Beaumontia brevituba Oliver (Apocynaceae) | Digitoxigenin, oleandrigenin, digitoxigenin, α-l-cymaroside, digitoxigenin β-gentiobiosyl-α-l-cymaroside, Δ16-digitoxigenin β-d-glucosyl-α-l-cymaroside | Human breast carcinoma (BC1), colon carcinoma (Col2), fibrosarcoma (HT-1080), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB), vinblastine-resistant KB (KB-V1), lung carcinoma (Lu1), and melanoma (Mel2) | (68) |
| Bufo bufo gargarizans L. | Bufalin, cinobufagin | Prostate carcinomas (LNCaP, DU145, PC3), and hepatoma (PLC/PRF/5) | (69, 70) |
| Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) | Calotropin, calactin, uscharin, voruscharin, 2″-oxovoruscharin | Human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (A549), human glioblastomas (Hs683 and U373), human colon carcinomas (HCT-15 and LoVo), hepatoma (Huh7), non-hepatoma (COS-1), and colorectal carcinoma (COLO 320) | (71, 72) |
| Cerbera odollam Gaertner (Apocynaceae) | 2′-O-Acetyl cerleaside A, 17α-neriifolin, 17β-neriifolin, cerberin | Human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB), breast carcinoma (BC), and small-cell lung carcinoma (NCI-H187) | (73) |
| Coronilla varia L. (Fabaceae) | Hyrcanoside | Human lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) and nasopharynx carcinomas (9KB) | (74) |
| Crossopetalum gaumeri (Loes.) Lundell (Celastraceae) | Securigenin-3β-O-β-6-deoxyguloside, 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3β-O-β-6-deoxyguloside, sarmentogenin-3β-O-α ( -allosyl-(1→4)-β-6-deoxyalloside), securigenin-3β-O-(α-allosyl-(1→4)-β-6-deoxyalloside) | Human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) | (75) |
| Digitalis purpurea L. (Scrophulariaceae) Digitalis lanata (Scrophulariaceae) | Digoxin, digitoxin, gitoxin | Human prostate carcinomas (LNCaP, DU145, PC3), renal adenocarcinoma (TK-10), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), malignant melanoma (UACC-62), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (K-562) | (76, 77) |
| Elaeodendron sp. | Elaeodendrosides | Human ovarian carcinoma (A2780) | (78) |
| Euonymus alata (Thunb.) Sieb. (Celastraceae) | Acovenosigenin A 3-O-α-l-ramnopyranoside, euonymoside A, euonymusoside A | Human oral epidermoid (KB), promyelocytic lymphoma (HL-60), non-small-cell lung carcinoma (A549), and cervical carcinoma (Hela) | (79) |
| Euonymus sieboldianus Blume (Celastraceae) | Euonymoside A | Human lung carcinoma (A549) and ovarian adenocarcinoma (SK-OV-3) | (80) |
| Maquira calophylla (P.&E.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae) | Maquiroside A | Human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) | (81) |
| Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) | Oleander, oleandrin, cardenolide N-1, cardenolide N-4, 3β-O-(β-d-sarmentosyl)-16β-acetoxy-14-hydroxy-5β,14β-card-20-(22)-enolide, 16β-acetoxy-3β,14-dihydroxy-5β,14β-card-20-(22)-enolide | Human Jurkat leukaemia (T-cell), histiocytic lymphoma (U-937), promyelocytic lymphoma (HL-60), cervical carcinoma (Hela), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), prostate carcinomas (LNCap, DU145, PC3), malignant fibroblast (VA-13), and liver carcinoma (HepG2) | (82, 83) |
| Nierembergia aristata D. Don (Solanaceae) | 17-epi-11α-hydroxy-6,7-dehydrostrophanthidin-3-O-β-boivinopyranoside; 6,7-dehydrostrophanthidin-3-O-β-boivinopyranoside; 6,7-dehydrostrophanthidin-3-O-β-oleandropyranoside | Human breast carcinoma (BC1), fibrosarcoma (HT), lung cancer (LU1), melanoma (Mel2), colon carcinoma (Col2), oral epidermoid (KB), drug resistant KB with and without vinblastine, epidermoid carcinoma (A-431), prostate carcinoma (LNCaP), hormone-dependent breast carcinoma (ZR-75-1), and glioma (U373) | (84) |
| Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Hyacinthaceae) | Convallatoxin | Human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) | (85) |
| Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae) | 3′-O-β-d-glucopyranosylcalactin, 12-dehydroxyghalakinoside, 6′-dehydroxyghalakinoside, ghalakinoside, calactin | Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) | (86) |
| Periploca graeca L. (Asclepiadaceae) | Periplocin isomers | Human prostate carcinoma (PC-3) | (87) |
| Rhodea japonica (Thunb.) Roth. (Liliaceae) | Rhodexin A | Human leukemia (K562) | (88) |
| Saussurea stella Maxim. (Asteraceae) | 3-O-β-d-fucopyranosylstrophanthidin, 3-O-β-d-quinovopyranosylperiplogenin, 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosylcannogenin, 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosylperiplogenin, 3-O-β-d-quinovopyranosylstrophanthidin, 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosylstrophanthidin, 3-O-β-d-fucopyranosylperiplogenin, 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosylcannogenol, convallatoxin, 3-O-α-l-rhamnpyranosylacovenosigenin A | Human gastric cancer (BGC-823) and hepatoma (Bel-7402) | (89) |
| Streblus asper Lour. (Moraceae) | Stebloside, mansonin | Oral human epidermoid carcinoma (KB) | (90) |
| Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. (Asclepiadaceae) | Periplogenin digitoxoside, Periplocymarin, digitoxigenin 3-O-(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-digitoxopyranoside, echujin, corchorusoside C | Human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) | (91) |
| Streptocaulon griffithii Hook.f. (Asclepiadaceae) | 3-O-(β-glucopyranosyl)acovenosigenin A | Human gastrointestinal cancer (HCG-27), lung carcinoma (A549), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | (92) |
| Strophanthus gratus | Ouabain | Human prostate carcinomas (LNCaP, DU145, PC3) | (76) |
| Thevetia ahouia (L.) A. DC. (Apocynaceae) | Neriifolin, 3′-O-methylevomonoside, 2′-acetylneriifolin | National Cancer Institute’s human disease oriented 60-cell line tumor screening panel | (93) |
| Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (Apocynaceae) | Thevetin A and B, thevetoside | Human hepatoma (SMMC-7721), gastric carcinoma (SGC-7901), and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | (93) |
| Urginea maritime (L.) Baker (Liliaceae) | Proscillaridin A, scillaren A | Human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) | (94–96) |
