|
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2017 | Volume
: 5
| Issue : 1 | Page : 22-26 |
|
Body mass index of male and female Wistar rats following administration of leptin hormone after a dietary regime
Ahmed Muhammed Rabiu1, H Wale1, K Garba2, AM Sabo1, Z Hassan3, AI Shugaba4, UG Egesie1, SO Odeh1
1 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria 2 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria 3 Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria 4 Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
Date of Web Publication | 11-Jul-2017 |
Correspondence Address: Ahmed Muhammed Rabiu Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau Nigeria
![Login to access the Email id](http://www.medknow.com/images/email.gif) Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None ![Crossref citations](http://www.medknow.com/journals/images/crossref.png) | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/aoba.aoba_17_16
Introduction: Obesity is a problem affecting people of all ages and socioeconomic status. Leptin hormone (LH), a product of the obesity gene, is a key regulator of feeding and energy expenditure. Aim: The study is aimed at determining the effect of LH on body mass index (BMI) in Wistar rats after a diet regime. Materials and Methods: Forty rats (male [M], n = 20; female [F], n = 20), aged 9 weeks and weighing 77.2–123.0 g, were randomly divided into two Groups A (M) and B (F) and further divided into four subgroups of n = 5. They were maintained ad libitum on different diet and water for 10 weeks. Group 1; control (standard rat feed), Group 2 (high fat diet), Group 3 (protein diet), and Group 4 (carbohydrate diet). BMI was calculated weekly for 10 weeks (pretest). LH was injected for 2 weeks; the BMI was then calculated (posttest). Paired t-test was used to analyze the differences between the BMI pre- and post-test periods and also to analyze for sexual dimorphism for the pre- and post-test periods. Level of significance was at P < 0.05. Results: The results revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the BMI for the pre- and post-test period and no sexual dimorphism for BMI during the pretest period. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) and sexual dimorphism for BMI during the posttest period. Conclusion: This result implies that the LH is more effective in the male gender than the female when considering BMI and hence may reduce the risk associated with obesity. Keywords: Body mass index, diet regime, leptin hormone, obesity, sexual dimorphism, Wistar rats
How to cite this article: Rabiu AM, Wale H, Garba K, Sabo A M, Hassan Z, Shugaba A I, Egesie U G, Odeh S O. Body mass index of male and female Wistar rats following administration of leptin hormone after a dietary regime. Ann Bioanthropol 2017;5:22-6 |
How to cite this URL: Rabiu AM, Wale H, Garba K, Sabo A M, Hassan Z, Shugaba A I, Egesie U G, Odeh S O. Body mass index of male and female Wistar rats following administration of leptin hormone after a dietary regime. Ann Bioanthropol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 8];5:22-6. Available from: http://www.bioanthrojournal.org/text.asp?2017/5/1/22/210250 |
Introduction | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
Obesity is a problem affecting people of all ages, racial, ethnic background, and socioeconomic status. The obesity problem may have been distributed unevenly across populations at first, but it is largely due to urbanization, change in work structure and technology, increased access to greater amounts of food, especially more calorically dense foods, more leisure time, and sedentary activities.[1] Overweight refers to an excess amount of body weight that may come from muscles, bone, fat, and water.[2] Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat.[2] With over one billion people now overweight or obese,[3] the obesity epidemic is not restricted to industrialized societies; this increase is often faster in developing countries than in the developed countries.[4] According to the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) survey data on Nigeria, the prevalence of overweight was 26% and 37% in men and women, respectively, while the prevalence of obesity was 3% and 8.1% in men and women, respectively.[5],[6] States that the prevalence figures for obesity within the European region confirm that in most countries, the number of obese women surpasses the number of obese men, sometimes as much as 2–1.[6] A study by Puepet et al.[7] among a sample of adult Nigerians in Jos stated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.4% in males and 23.5% in females (M:f = 1:1.3, P< 0.05).[7]
Leptin is a 167-amino acid peptide with a four-helix bundle moiety (motif) similar to that of a cytokine;[8],[9] it is produced predominantly in the adipose tissue but is also expressed in a variety of other tissues, including placenta, ovaries, mammary epithelium, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues.[10] Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus where it inhibits appetite, counteracts the effects of neuropeptide Y (a potent feeding stimulant secreted by cells in the gut and in the hypothalamus), and also promotes the synthesis of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone; an appetite suppressant. The absence of leptin (or its receptor) leads to uncontrolled food intake and results in obesity.[11] Available evidence from human studies indicates that leptin has a mainly permissive role, with leptin administration being effective in states of leptin deficiency and less effective in states of leptin excess.[12] This adipocyte-derived hormone was once heralded to be an anti-obesity agent. While leptin is effective on certain individual bearing congenital leptin deficiencies [13] as monotherapy, in a work by Scarpace and Zhang in 2009, leptin has been shown to be disappointing in humans and rodents with common obesity, that is, obesity associated with elevated serum leptin under a normal genetic background. Leptin production increases proportionately with adiposity, and leptin levels are high in rodent and human model of diet-induced or adult-onset obesity. Yet, the increased leptin fails to curtail the progression of obesity.[14]
Obese Zucker rats had the highest plasma leptin concentrations, and Sprague-Dawley rats had the lowest [Figure 1].[15] The half-life of circulating leptin (approximately 25 min) is constant over a range of adiposity.[16] Several studies have shown that plasma leptin concentrations are appropriate for the degree of subject's adiposity in anorexia nervosa,[15] in wasting syndrome of HIV infection,[17] and in lean long-distance runners.[18]
Overweight and obesity lead to adverse and metabolic effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin resistance. Some of the leading causes of preventable death among adults are obesity-related conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer (endometrial, breast, colon).[19] Excess weight also increases the risk of liver and gall bladder disease, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and gynecologic problems such as infertility.[19],[20],[21],[22] According to the WHO as of 2005, 1.6 billion adults (over 15 years) are overweight and 400 million are obese, and as of 2015, 2.3 billion will be overweight and 700 million obese. Currently, more than 1 billion adults are overweight and at least 300 million of them are clinically obese.[23] The study is aimed at determining the effect of leptin hormone (LH) on body mass index (BMI) in Wistar rats after a diet regime.
Materials and Methods | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
Animals
Forty Wistar rats (male, n = 20, female, n = 20), aged 9 weeks and weighing between 77.2 and 123.0 g, were randomly divided into two Groups A (male) and B (female); each group was further divided into four subgroups of n = 5 per group. All groups were maintained ad libitum on experimental diets and water for 10 weeks. They were humanely treated according to the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) for the care of animals after obtaining clearance from the Our Lady of Apostles Hospital Ethical Committee (2016).
Diets and grouping
Group 1 (A1 and B1), the control, received standard rat feed and water only, Group 2 (A2 and B2) received high-fat diet (margarine, 90%) mixed with some standard rat feed (10%), Group 3 (A3 and B3) received protein diet (soybeans, 100%), and Group 4 (A4 and B4) received carbohydrate diet (cereal, 100%).
Experimental design
was calculated weekly for 10 weeks (pretest) and after the LH administration (posttest) (Normal BMI: male [0.45 ± 0.02–0.68 ± 0.05] g/cm 2,[24] female [0.4504–0.5044] g/cm 2[25]). LH was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 3.5 μg daily at 12:00–12:30 pm for 2 weeks.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 22.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., USA) for Windows 8.0. Paired t-test was used to analyze the differences between the BMI pre- and post-test periods and also to analyze for sexual dimorphism for the pre- and post-test periods. Level of significance was at P< 0.05.
Results | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
The results of the experiment are presented in [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4] and [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3] below.![](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Farticles%2F2017%2F5%2F1%2Fimages%2FAnnBioanthropol_2017_5_1_22_210250_t4.jpg) | Table 1: Effect of leptin hormone on pre- and post-test body mass index (correlation)
Click here to view |
![](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Farticles%2F2017%2F5%2F1%2Fimages%2FAnnBioanthropol_2017_5_1_22_210250_t6.jpg) | Table 3: Effect of leptin hormone on pretest period for gender difference in body mass index
Click here to view |
![](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Farticles%2F2017%2F5%2F1%2Fimages%2FAnnBioanthropol_2017_5_1_22_210250_t7.jpg) | Table 4: Effect of leptin hormone on posttest period for gender difference in body mass index
Click here to view |
![](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Farticles%2F2017%2F5%2F1%2Fimages%2FAnnBioanthropol_2017_5_1_22_210250_f3.jpg) | Figure 3: Gender difference in body mass index for pre- and post-test periods
Click here to view |
There was no significant difference (P = 0.70) in the BMI of the pre- and post-test periods and there is a weak correlation (0.03). Further, the relationship is positively correlated meaning that there was an increase of the BMI in the periods.
There was no significant difference in the BMI of pre- and post-test periods (P = 0.56) that means there was no significant change in the calculated BMI despite the use of the hormone when the result was paired.
There was no significant difference (P = 0.258, 0.3) for gender in BMI for the pretest period.
There was a significant difference for sexual dimorphism in BMI for the posttest period (P = 0.01, 0.01).
There is a slight reduction/decrease in the paired means of the two periods (pre- and post-test), but it is of no statistical significance.
A wide difference between the means of the two sexes during the pretest period is reduced when compared with the posttest period. This could suggest a more profound effect of the LH on the male gender.
Discussions | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
During the research period, we noticed that the rat fed on fat diet showed hyperphagia with an initial increase in weight and calculated BMI; our observation was as reported by Wang et al.[26] which showed that during the first 7–10 days, the rats on fat-rich diet exhibited significant hyperphagia, an increase in both total and fat intake that produces higher body weight gain.[26]
The results from this study showed no significant difference (P = 0.70 and P = 0.66) in the BMI during the pre- and post-test period; there was no significant change in the BMI despite the injection of the LH. In earlier studies that support our findings, it was shown that initial attempts to utilize leptin as a monotherapy for obesity (including using supraphysiological doses) revealed modest, if any, weight loss and with significant variability among participants.[27],[28],[29]
In this study, when the gender differences in BMI were analyzed for the pre- and post-test periods, the results showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) during the pretest period and a significant difference (P> 0.05) during the posttest period, i.e., after the injection of the LH. The result in [Figure 2] showed a reduction in the mean BMI of the male gender when compared to that of the female gender during the posttest period; this could be as a result of the excess leptin that is found in the female because it has been shown that for the same age and BMI, women have greater leptin concentrations than men.[30] Moreover, available studies indicate that the effects of leptin on weight loss and other physiological parameters appear to be more pronounced during states of relative leptin deficiency [31],[32],[33] and largely ineffective in states of leptin excess.[12] Hence, this could explain why the administered LH was more effective in the male gender.
Conclusion | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
The result implies that the LH has a sexual dimorphism in BMI, and hence, it is more effective in the male gender and may reduce the risk associated with obesity. Further studies need to be done on the role of LH in a larger population with graded LH dose and increase duration of research.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References | | ![Top](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Farrow_top.gif) |
1. | Fournier K, McManus A, Doyle P. The causes of obesity. In: Jeffords JM, editor. Vermont Legislative Research Service. Vol. 16. Burlington, USA: The University of Vermont; 2010. p. 1-19. |
2. | National Institutes of Health (NIH). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. USA: NIH Publication; 1998. p. 98-4083. |
3. | Froguel P, Boutin P. Genetics of pathways regulating body weight in the development of obesity in humans. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001;226:991-6. ![Back to cited text no. 3](/ServeContent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioanthrojournal.org%2Fimages%2Fref_top.gif) [ PUBMED] |
4. | World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Madrid, Spain: World Health Organization; 2003. |
5. | Ono T, Guthold R, Strong K. World Health Organization (WHO) Global Comparable Estimates: Global Infobase Data for Saving Lives 2005; 2012. Available from: http://www.apps.who.int/infobase/index.aspx. [Last accessed on 2015 Jun 20]. |
6. | Van der Merwe MT. Obesity in women – A life cycle of medical risk. Menopaus Update 2008;11:10-4. |
7. | Puepet FH, Zoakah AI, Chuhwak EK. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban Nigerian adults in Jos. Highl Med J 2002;1:13-6. |
8. | Brennan AM, Mantzoros CS. Drug insight: The role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology – emerging clinical applications. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006;2:318-27. |
9. | Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, Briggs SL, Churgay LM, Clawson DK, et al. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 1997;387:206-9. |
10. | Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA. Leptin: A review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1407-33. |
11. | Joseph A, Skelton CD. Overweight and obesity. In: Kliegman R, editor. Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics. 18 th ed., Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007. p. 44. |
12. | Mantzoros CS, Magkos F, Brinkoetter M, Sienkiewicz E, Dardeno TA, Kim SY, et al. Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011;301:E567-84. |
13. | Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S. Monogenic obesity in humans. Annu Rev Med 2005;56:443-58. |
14. | Scarpace PJ, Zhang Y. Leptin resistance: A prediposing factor for diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009;296:R493-500. |
15. | Landt M, Gingerich RL, Havel PJ, Mueller WM, Schoner B, Hale JE, et al. Radioimmunoassay of rat leptin: Sexual dimorphism reversed from humans. Clin Chem 1998;44:565-70. |
16. | Klein S, Coppack SW, Mohamed-Ali V, Landt M. Adipose tissue leptin production and plasma leptin kinetics in humans. Diabetes 1996;45:984-7. |
17. | Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Horgan MM, Powderly WG, Santiago JV, Landt M. Serum leptin concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with low adiposity. Metabolism 1997;46:303-5. |
18. | Hickey MS, Considine RV, Israel RG, Mahar TL, McCammon MR, Tyndall GL, et al. Leptin is related to body fat content in male distance runners. Am J Physiol 1996;271(5 Pt 1):E938-40. |
19. | |
20. | Smith AW, Borowski LA, Liu B, Galuska DA, Signore C, Klabunde C, et al. U.S. primary care physicians' diet-, physical activity-, and weight-related care of adult patients. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:33-42. |
21. | Potter MB, Vu JD, Croughan-Minihane M. Weight management: What patients want from their primary care physicians. J Fam Pract 2001;50:513-8. |
22. | Sesselberg TS, Klein JD, O'Connor KG, Johnson MS. Screening and counseling for childhood obesity: Results from a national survey. J Am Board Fam Med 2010;23:334-42. |
23. | World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Washington DC, USA: World Health Organization; 2013. |
24. | Novelli EL, Diniz YS, Galhardi CM, Ebaid GM, Rodrigues HG, Mani F, et al. Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in rats. Lab Anim 2007;41:111-9. |
25. | Engelbregt MJ, van Weissenbruch MM, Popp-Snijders C, Lips P, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Body mass index, body composition, and leptin at onset of puberty in male and female rats after intrauterine growth retardation and after early postnatal food restriction. Pediatr Res 2001;50:474-8. |
26. | Wang J, Alexander JT, Zheng P, Yu HJ, Dourmashkin J, Leibowitz SF. Behavioral and endocrine traits of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats on macronutrient diets. Am J Physiol 1998;274(6 Pt 1):E1057-66. |
27. | Fogteloo AJ, Pijl H, Frölich M, McCamish M, Meinders AE. Effects of recombinant human leptin treatment as an adjunct of moderate energy restriction on body weight, resting energy expenditure and energy intake in obese humans. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003;16:109-14. |
28. | Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: A randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA 1999;282:1568-75. |
29. | Lejeune MP, Hukshorn CJ, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effect of dietary restraint during and following pegylated recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) treatment of overweight men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:1494-9. |
30. | Mantzoros CS, Moschos SJ. Leptin: In search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:551-67. |
31. | Brinkoetter M, Magkos F, Vamvini M, Mantzoros CS. Leptin treatment reduces body fat but does not affect lean body mass or the myostatin-follistatin-activin axis in lean hypoleptinemic women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011;301:E99-104. |
32. | Lee JH, Chan JL, Sourlas E, Raptopoulos V, Mantzoros CS. Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2605-11. |
33. | Mulligan K, Khatami H, Schwarz JM, Sakkas GK, DePaoli AM, Tai VW, et al. The effects of recombinant human leptin on visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1137-44. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
|