Aim: This study was conducted at Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum, Khartoum state, Sudan in February to April 2011 to identify age, the gender of the patients, and geographical area for the cancer patients and to determine the common types of the cancer. Methodology: A cross- sectional descriptive facility-based study carried out in Khartoum state in Radiation and Isotope Centre in Khartoum. Results: One hundred and eighty patient files were collected and reviewed. 47.3% were in the age between 50 and 80 years old. The geographic distribution of cancer patients includes 19.6% of the patients have come from Khartoum and the same percentage come from north Kordofan, this indicate that these areas have a high incidence of cancer disease. 13.4% from the patients come from Aljazeera, 7.2% from North state and 6.2% from White Nile. Almost 66% from the patients were female and the most common type of cancer between them was breast cancer which indicated by 41% from the patients. 7% from the patients suffering from esophagus cancer whereas 4% have prostate cancer. Conclusion: This study revealed that Khartoum and North Kordofan were the most geographical areas in Sudan affected by cancer while breast cancer was the most common. Women affected by this disease in rate higher than men and 47.3% were in the age between 50 and 80 years old.

Objectives: This study aimed to measure renal stone using different modality (kidney, ureters and bladder [K.U.B], fluoroscopy and intravenous urography [I.V.U]), to compare these three methods of measurements and to detect the variation of stones size after each lithotripsy shock for the same type of stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients males (19) and females (7) their age ranged between 18 and 70 years with renal stones, I.V.U, K.U.B were done for all cases. In Al Nelain Medical Centre, The size of renal stone was measured in K.U.B and I.V.U by using the Ruler exposure. Staghorn stones which were >4 cm needed >4 times of exposure to. Results: The findings were found to be that stone <1 cm can be measured but does not disintegrated by lithotripsy and most of the stones that were >1 cm were properly measured when using the fluoroscopy and were treated effectively after 2 ^nd time of the shock waves. Conclusion: This study concluded that the surface area, site, number of stones after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) could be detected using K.U.B, I.V.U and fluoroscopy, and could help in prospective selection of patients who will respond well to ESWL.

Introduction: Despite the advances in radiologic techniques, no criterion standard exists for the noninvasive imaging evaluation of the urinary collecting system, with each modality having its own set of pitfalls that preclude optimal visualization of the entirety of the urinary system. Excretory urography has been used in general to assess the integrity of the urinary tract status. Also renal scintigraphy has been used for a long time to measure the relative renal function; where different radiopharmaceuticals such as Tc-99m DTPA were used. Objective: In this essence the main objective of this study was to evaluate the renal function using excretion urography (EU) and renal scintigraphy. This study consisted of 100 patients suffering from renal disorders; all patients underwent excretion uorography and renal scintigraphy 99mTc-DTPA. Result: The result of this study revealed that Tc-99m DTPA showed the same sensitivity as EU which is = 100% but Tc-99m DTPA has been accomplished in a shorter time (20 mints) in respect to EU (24 hours) for nonfunctioning kidney as well as patient will receive a substantial amount of radiation dose in EU. Conclusion: In conclusion in EU the amount of radiation to the patient increase in respect to the patient age; where exposure factor Kv and mAs increase linearly with the patient age in addition to the delayed film (nonfunctioning kidney) which results in more exposure, where entrance-surface air kerma also increases directly by 0.3 unit per each one Kvp and mAs.

Aims: The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of computed tomography scan in the diagnosis of sinuses diseases. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study design, conducted in different hospitals and clinical centers at Khartoum State. Totally 26 males and 24 females aged ranges from 10 to 70 years old with different symptoms were selected, axial and direct coronal cuts were done for all cases. Results: The study revealed that most patients were affected in the both sides, with a history of sinuses diseases in their families, maxillary sinuses are the most affected area, and most patients suffer from headache. Chronic and fungal sinusitis the sensitivity of the coronal view was (77%, 61%, and 61%) respectively compared to axial that was (22%, 36%, and 38%) respectively. In the nasal polyp and granulomatous diseases, the efficiency of the coronal view was (62% and 65%) respectively, while in axial was (37% and 34%) respectively. In benign and malignant tumor the efficiency of coronal was 57% and 32% respectively, while in the axial view was (42% and 21%) respectively. Conclusions: This study concluded that the two image planes are performed together and used as an essential technique of peripheral nerve stimulation.

Medico legally this study identify certain Sudanese infants ages (at birth, day 4, and 8 weeks) through description of ossification pattern in the anterior skull base using computed tomography (CT) scan. Also, it is describing the normal anatomical pattern of ossification. So this study will explain and reveals the Sudanese own skull base bony print. Total number of selected cases for study are 12 died children admitted to Mortuary of Khartoum between July\2011 and November\2011, and all cases of known age, sex and nationality (Sudanese) according to police records, confirmed medico legally by evaluation of external signs of live. All cases were examined in Khartoum teaching hospital at January\2012 that explained the skull base development and ossification by direct coronal CT scans, 1 mm and wide window (bone) settings of  Para Nasal Sinuses (PNS) protocol. The used CT scan machine is TOSHIBA-Asteion. The observations of day 1, 4 and 8 weeks explained that each determined age has its own skull base bony pattern. Also observations of those ages revealed that the development of the forming parts of skull base which include orbital plates and its extension over lateral ethmoidal air cells, roof of ethmoid complex, cribriform plate, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and ethmoidal air cells was progressively increasing with age except; the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone which doesn't meet the vomer in the posterior septum at any of these certain ages although vomer was ossified at those varied ages. And the Crista galli neither ossified nor fused with ethmoidal labyrinths at all. Also, the Ethmoidal air cells have never been extended above the plane of the cribriform plate. Observed ages and patterns of ossification was different somewhat from that reported in prior radiologic and anatomic studies in the ethmoidal complex and its extension over the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone also in the crista, galli which was seen ossified as early as 2 months of age in previous study.